The word “character” is often confused with “letter” or “glyph.” But in fact, “character” is a generic term that covers letters, figures, punctuation symbols, and more.

To be more precise:
• one character can be represented by multiple glyphs (such as alternates glyphs of the same character a: single story and double story a);
• one glyph can contain multiple characters (such as ligature fl containing two characters).

In computing, characters are encoded in character encoding standards like Unicode or ASCII. These standards map a character to a numerical value (also called a codepoint) that can be processed by a computer. The character is what the user types, and the glyph is what is displayed in return.

NOTE

The distinction between uppercase and lowercase doesn’t affect the linguistic value of a character. A and a are therefore considered case variants of the same character in linguistic and phonological terms. In computing and digital typography, however, A and a are assigned different Unicode code points (A: U+0041 and a: U+0061), making them distinct encoded characters in that context.

FONT ENGINEERING ADVICE

In a font file, the cmap table (character to glyph index mapping) links character’s code points to the font’s glyphs.